\chapter{Literature Review}
\label{chap:literaturereview}

Research must be positioned in relation to the existing body of literature and build on previous research done on the subject \citep{KUADA}. As mentioned in section \ref{sec:researchbackgound}, we use this literature review for two primary reasons: (1) to make a clear outline of the subject matter and show the reader the contemporary research in related and surrounding areas and (2) to build a strong justification for our research - that is both our research question and our research approach.

The formulation of our research question is a result of this effective analysis of the existing literature, which has sharpened our attention towards this specific choice of topic. Our choice of theoretical framework, presented in chapter \ref{chap:theory}, has been chosen on the basis of our gained knowledge from this critical literature review. \bigskip

\noindent In this chapter we will look into literature regarding four main concepts that underpins our research area. Those four concepts are:

\begin{itemize}

	\item Smart cities
	\item Sustainability
	\item Data
	\item Maturity

\end{itemize}

\noindent The chapter begins with the description of the core concept of smart city elaborating on its characteristics and components. After that, we will look in to the relation between the smart city characteristics and components and how these relations help to develop achievable smart city initiatives. Secondly, we will discuss the concept of sustainability and its various aspects. On the basis of available literature we will review the relation between the smart city and the `sustainable city' and we will also elaborate on how the concept of smart city embraces sustainability in itself. Thirdly, we will look into how different smart cities have utilized the potential of open data and how laggards can get some incentives from those cities. This will lead to a description of the role of open data in developing smart cities. We will provide some insights to ecosystem formation in the development of a cross-sectoral open data platform. Finally, we will outline the potential need for a maturity model that can help in the formation of an ecosystem, which is capable of levering the full potential of open data and hence developing a smarter city.